基于经济效益的农业新型经营主体小麦玉米全程机械化农机配备研究

因山东省旱作灌溉区种植模式多样、技术模式不统一，规模化生产下的机械效能未能充分发挥，存在动力机械与机具配套比低、农机动力与资金浪费问题，在对小麦玉米周年轮作下全程机械化技术模式调研后，总结小麦玉米全程机械化技术路线，构建以作业成本最小为目标的农机装备优化配备模型。通过对平度市某小麦玉米种植合作社进行计算，作业成本较实际情况下降10.9%；总动力优化配备结果为23.712 kW，下降51.36%；农机配套比提高50%。研究结果可为山东省旱作灌溉区小麦玉米全程机械化技术模式优选、农机农艺深度融合、农业合作社的农机配备等方面提供技术参考。     

Comparative effect of advanced soy products or corn protein concentrate with porcine meal on growth,body composition,and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of diets containing advanced soy products (enzyme‐treated soy and fermented soy) or corn protein concentrate (CPC) in combination with porcine meal (PM) to completely replace poultry byproduct meal (PBM) on growth performance, body composition, and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. Four experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic, to contain 400 g/kg crude protein and 80 g/kg lipid. A reference diet (PBM diet [PBMD]) contained 150 g/kg PBM and 495 g/kg soybean meal (SBM), and three test diets were formulated replacing PBM with 15 g/kg of CPC (CPC diet [CPCD]) or replacing all SBM and PBM with 535 g/kg fermented soy (fermented soybean meal diet [FSBMD]) or 451.3 g/kg enzyme‐treated soy (enzyme‐treated soybean meal diet [ESBMD]). All three test diets were supplemented with 38 g/kg of PM. Diets were fed based on a percentage of bodyweight adjusted after sampling the fish every 2 weeks to triplicate groups of Florida pompano juveniles (mean weight 8.06 ± 0.22 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, fish fed CPCD and ESBMD performed equally well in terms of final body weight, thermal growth coefficient, and percentage weight gain in comparison to fish fed PBMD. In all cases, feeding FSBMD resulted in poor feed conversion and lower feed intake compared to other treatments. Protein retention efficiency, whole‐body proximate composition, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and zinc contents were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. The results obtained in the present histological study showed no significant differences in the thickness of serous layer, muscular layer, and submucosal layer of the intestine among treatments. Fish fed CPCD showed a significant widening of the lamina propria with an increase of cellular infiltration and higher presence of goblet cells compared to other dietary treatment. Based on these results, 451 g/kg ESBM or combination of 150 g/kg of CPC and 495 g/kg SBM supplemented with 38 g/kg PM can be utilized to develop a practical diet for juvenile Florida pompano without impacting growth, nutritive parameters, and several distal intestine health parameters.     

木薯间作糯玉米的高产高效模式分析

为研究不同栽种规格的木薯间作糯玉米模式和发掘高产高效间作模式，对木薯净作，糯玉米净作和8种木薯间作糯玉米模式进行了鲜薯产量和经济效益的研究。结果表明：木薯间作糯玉米模式是可行的，体现出明显的间作优势。发现不同间作模式的经济效益不同，其中处理9(大行距100 cm，小行距70 cm)的鲜薯产量(51 274.36 kg/hm2)最高，处理4(行距100 cm)的经济效益(52 794.15元/hm2)最高，处理9的经济效益(46 556.97元/hm2)排第3位。综合评价认为，处理9的木薯间作糯玉米模式最合理。试验结果为进一步推广高产高效木薯间作糯玉米模式提供了有力依据。     

果蔬型甜玉米新品种京科甜191的选育

京科甜191是以超甜玉米自交系T68为母本,自交系T6302为父本,通过杂交选育而成的果蔬型甜玉米品种。果穗筒型,穗长19.0 cm,穗粗5.3 cm,穗行数16~18行,行粒数36~38粒,粒行整齐。籽粒亮黄色,外观漂亮。平均每667 m2鲜果穗产量900 kg左右,出籽率约67.4%。鲜籽粒含粗蛋白2.98%,粗脂肪1.37%,总糖6.7%,口感甜脆清爽,皮薄无渣。播种至采收平均85.4 d(天),适宜京津冀及类似生态区种植。     

我国牧草种植成本收益变化与比较

本研究以牧草种植户牧草及粮食作物的调研数据为基础,计算出2010-2014年主要牧草和粮食作物的成本收益基本信息,对其变化进行统计分析,并对各作物的成本收益进行比较。分析发现,2014年苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的经济效益有所下降;黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和青贮玉米(Zea mays)的纯收益和收益率有所增长;苜蓿的纯收益和收益率要高于黑麦草和青贮玉米;马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)和苜蓿的经济效益更具优势,种植小麦(Triticum aestivum)经济效益较差;黑麦草和青贮玉米人工和土地成本更高,苜蓿水电费最高。建议调整农业产业结构,推行"粮+经+饲+草"四元种植结构,全面扶持牧草产业发展,建立健全牧草生产资料补贴制度。     

耕作方式及秸秆还田对土壤性质、微生物碳源代谢及小麦产量的影响

以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,耕作方式为主区,分别设常规翻耕(C)、深松(S)、旋耕(R)处理,副区为秸秆还田量,分别设秸秆全还田(P)和秸秆不还田(A)处理,采用Biolog Eco技术测定土壤微生物碳源代谢功能,并分析土壤基本理化性质和作物产量。结果显示:深松与秸秆还田均有利于土壤含水量和有机碳含量的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了9.78%和24.00%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了7.08%和15.81%;深松提高了15～30 cm土层的pH值6.67%,秸秆还田提高了0～15 cm土层的pH值4.32%。深松和秸秆还田均有利于代谢多样性(丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数)、碳源代谢强度的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了26.84%、3.84%和38.02%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了11.87%、 3.63%和14.74%。主成分分析表明常规翻耕秸秆不还田和旋耕耕作秸秆不还田碳源代谢功能相近,15～30 cm层次内常规翻耕秸秆全还田碳源代谢功能和深松耕作秸秆全还田处理相近。深松和秸秆还田平均提高了小麦产量5.82%,微生物碳源代谢功能与小麦产量具有极显著的相关性。     

Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a Pythium-Lepidium bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp^TM. Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.     

利用荧光观测明确载球孢白僵菌松毛虫赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟的防控增效作用

载球孢白僵菌松毛虫赤眼蜂能够显著提高对亚洲玉米螟的防控效果，为了明确其对亚洲玉米螟卵期及幼虫期可持续防控的作用机理，采用松毛虫赤眼蜂吸附绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）标记的球孢白僵菌分生孢子，进行赤眼蜂载菌情况，以及亚洲玉米螟卵和幼虫的寄生、侵染过程观察。结果表明，赤眼蜂羽化后能够吸附柞蚕卵表面粘附的白僵菌分生孢子，并将其携带至亚洲玉米螟卵块表面，并吸附于未被赤眼蜂寄生的亚洲玉米螟卵孵化的幼虫体表，实现侵染并致死，幼虫带菌率达60.00%，网室内杀虫生物测定僵虫率达27.00%。本研究表明，载菌赤眼蜂在提高杀虫效率的同时实现害虫可持续防控，该方法为其他载菌天敌的应用提供了依据。     

油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究。结果表明,随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强。与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高。7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30d、60d和120d逐步减少0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致；随着覆盖量减少,对0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度降低幅度减小。全程除草剂处理降低0-5cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0-5cm土层的杂草种子库多样性。3500Kg/hm²覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理一致。因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500Kg/hm²油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂。